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      <p begin="00:01:00.610" end="00:01:06.790"><![CDATA[Peekaboo! Today, we have cookery on the menu. But first, the question of the day:]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:06.810" end="00:01:08.800"><![CDATA[What is this …sculpture of ours supposed to be? Go on! Tell us!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:08.820" end="00:01:10.190"><![CDATA[Oh good... Why don’t you tell us then! -What do you think?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:10.210" end="00:01:11.730"><![CDATA[An octopus…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:11.750" end="00:01:13.130"><![CDATA[A mop…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:13.150" end="00:01:14.670"><![CDATA[Tree-roots…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:14.690" end="00:01:21.320"><![CDATA[A squid…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:21.340" end="00:01:27.930"><![CDATA[Wrong answer… wrong… wrong again!Only I, here in this whole studio…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:27.950" end="00:01:33.670"><![CDATA[ In fact, in all the EU territory, only I have the answer!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:33.690" end="00:01:35.540"><![CDATA[And all that because I, Stalo Mitidou – body andsoul – am plugged on!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:35.560" end="00:01:41.060"><![CDATA[-With us here today…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:41.080" end="00:01:49.420"><![CDATA[(School chant)All the way from Akaki, we are the lads who bake and fry!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:49.440" end="00:01:51.290"><![CDATA[Here we are plugged in today, a tasty pizza to try and make! (applaud - cheering)]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:51.310" end="00:01:56.950"><![CDATA[If I may interrupt…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:56.970" end="00:01:59.140"><![CDATA[Going back to our competition part, I am glad to announce that the correct answer was given]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:59.160" end="00:02:06.960"><![CDATA[by….. Stalo Mitidou!!!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:06.980" end="00:02:18.500"><![CDATA[Oh well… What you see here is…a germ!  (Applause)]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:18.520" end="00:02:24.470"><![CDATA[And what do I get? A sweater with the programme’s logo!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:24.490" end="00:02:30.940"><![CDATA[As I was saying…Let’s quickly move on,to our live link with Stelios Matsentidis:]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:30.960" end="00:02:33.640"><![CDATA[-Is it possible that bugs can ever be useful? Can they live in our body as well as]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:33.660" end="00:02:41.450"><![CDATA[ they live on the outside of it?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:41.470" end="00:02:49.520"><![CDATA[Do we really know what we eat and drink? Let’s see what we’ll be watching….]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:49.540" end="00:02:53.770"><![CDATA[What comes in a small bottle besides perfumes? Can we predict the next move of a “clever” virus?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:53.790" end="00:02:59.020"><![CDATA[….What happens every time we flush the toilet?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:59.040" end="00:03:05.980"><![CDATA[Well done, Stelios! Bon appetite a toi, aussi!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:06.000" end="00:03:09.030"><![CDATA[Mozy Shmozy… Totally irrelevant! Back to business! Oh! I am sooo good!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:09.050" end="00:03:11.490"><![CDATA[A good cook, always… ...cooks before she gets hungry.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:11.510" end="00:03:12.790"><![CDATA[I guess one could put it that way too...! Why not?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:12.810" end="00:03:14.710"><![CDATA[What did you say your name was?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:14.730" end="00:03:16.820"><![CDATA[I didn’t but can tell you now…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:16.840" end="00:03:18.980"><![CDATA[Let’s hope it won’t take all night!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:19.000" end="00:03:20.130"><![CDATA[Stalo. Yiannis. Irene.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:20.150" end="00:03:22.020"><![CDATA[How about you?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:22.040" end="00:03:23.970"><![CDATA[Antreas.Efrosini.Elena.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:23.990" end="00:03:25.510"><![CDATA[What brings you to our side of the world?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:25.530" end="00:03:29.330"><![CDATA[We will be making pizza!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:29.350" end="00:03:31.820"><![CDATA[Oh yes! That’s why we‘ve sent the kid shopping! Wait…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:31.840" end="00:03:45.200"><![CDATA[-Stelios, the ingredients!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:45.220" end="00:03:48.280"><![CDATA[Enough, enough! We have all we need now.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:48.300" end="00:03:58.350"><![CDATA[Ready at all times! I quite like that! So, tell us… What do we need?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:58.370" end="00:04:07.270"><![CDATA[1 ½ cup plain flour,  ½ tspn salt ,3 tspns sugar,2 tbspns olive oil, ½ cup water]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:07.290" end="00:04:10.830"><![CDATA[1 ½ tspns dried yeast .And for the filling:Chocolate and bananas.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:10.850" end="00:04:11.950"><![CDATA[Wow! This is perfect! You are going to make a sweet pizza and you a salty one!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:11.970" end="00:04:13.420"><![CDATA[Same ingredients?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:13.440" end="00:04:14.690"><![CDATA[No, we are doing a different thing.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:14.710" end="00:04:23.310"><![CDATA[Different? How?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:23.330" end="00:04:25.500"><![CDATA[We ‘ll be needing: 1 ½ cup plain flour ,½ tspn salt,2 tbspns olive oil , ½ cup water]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:25.520" end="00:04:29.550"><![CDATA[And whatever tickles our fancy for filling!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:29.570" end="00:04:31.510"><![CDATA[Plus, of course, the always essential ingredient! Your favourite adult!!!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:31.530" end="00:04:50.450"><![CDATA[Let’s play!!!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:50.470" end="00:04:52.050"><![CDATA[Heeey!What’s this here then? An ace up your sleeve, is it? What’s this fizzing thing here?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:52.070" end="00:04:53.880"><![CDATA[That’s yeast!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:53.900" end="00:05:00.580"><![CDATA[What’s this yeast thing? A fungus?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:00.600" end="00:05:02.140"><![CDATA[Bread, pizza, wine, beer… No diet can be Mediterranean without these!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:02.160" end="00:05:03.850"><![CDATA[All of these have something in common:]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:03.870" end="00:05:05.360"><![CDATA[They all contain yeast from beer…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:05.380" end="00:05:09.360"><![CDATA[Which does not make us dizzy though!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:09.380" end="00:05:13.060"><![CDATA[Yeast breaks down the sugars and flour and produces alcohol and carbon dioxide…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:13.080" end="00:05:16.550"><![CDATA[So, the bubbles in bread are made by the carbon dioxide!!!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:16.570" end="00:05:17.760"><![CDATA[Exactly! And we‘ll add it to the dough…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:17.780" end="00:05:19.760"><![CDATA[And then what?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:19.780" end="00:05:25.060"><![CDATA[We ‘ll let it rest for a while…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:25.080" end="00:05:27.460"><![CDATA[Advice of the day: Please ask for your mother’s permission to use the kitchen and remember]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:27.480" end="00:05:50.980"><![CDATA[ to clean up afterwards or you‘ll be sorry!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:51.000" end="00:05:56.200"><![CDATA[While they bake pizza in the studio, we will eat traditional Cypriot food:]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:56.220" end="00:05:59.550"><![CDATA[Souvlaki in unleavened bread… To keep microorganisms out of our body]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:59.570" end="00:06:03.030"><![CDATA[Knock on door]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:03.050" end="00:06:04.630"><![CDATA[hi]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:04.650" end="00:06:15.080"><![CDATA[hiWelcome!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:15.100" end="00:06:29.980"><![CDATA[A family of four consumes about half a ton of water every day. To get a rough idea how much]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:30.000" end="00:06:39.310"><![CDATA[this is, it corresponds to about 5 hundred milk cartons. After it is used around the house,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:39.330" end="00:06:47.890"><![CDATA[ water ends up in the sink, the bath or toilet and contains plenty of chemicals, mainly organics.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:47.910" end="00:06:55.270"><![CDATA[Another group of chemicals that end up in waste water are all the medicines we use.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:55.290" end="00:06:57.750"><![CDATA[All these, after they have been metabolized in our body end up through the sewage system]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:57.770" end="00:07:06.780"><![CDATA[at the treatment plants]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:06.800" end="00:07:15.010"><![CDATA[So, urban waste water must be treated in order for the organic chemicals to be removed]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:15.030" end="00:07:17.820"><![CDATA[These are potentially dangerous to humans and other organisms which live in aquatic]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:17.840" end="00:07:22.820"><![CDATA[environments]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:22.840" end="00:07:25.590"><![CDATA[These chemicals cannot be broken down biologically, as most chemicals are]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:25.610" end="00:07:41.480"><![CDATA[ at the treatment plants.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:41.500" end="00:08:05.120"><![CDATA[In our labs we try to develop new oxidization methods to treat such waste waters.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:05.140" end="00:08:12.700"><![CDATA[Our laboratory specializes in identifying and decomposing “xenobiotics”, chemicals which are]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:12.720" end="00:08:19.120"><![CDATA[alien to any life-form, such as medicines, plant chemicals, organic compounds from paints]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:19.140" end="00:08:31.600"><![CDATA[and colours, plastics, even children’s toys and so forth.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:31.620" end="00:08:42.980"><![CDATA[Identification of these chemicals is done at first with chromatography which is what you see here]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:43.000" end="00:08:53.640"><![CDATA[and then with advanced chemical oxidization methods. These use ultra violet light and]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:53.660" end="00:09:00.770"><![CDATA[some catalysts which are a combination of oxygen and hydrogen to produce chemical roots]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:00.790" end="00:09:08.160"><![CDATA[which can attack organic chemicals and break them into simpler molecules which in turn]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:08.180" end="00:09:14.720"><![CDATA[can be “eaten” and destroyed by microorganisms during biological treatment]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:14.740" end="00:09:19.450"><![CDATA[On the other hand, they can be entirely removed by converting them to carbon dioxide]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:19.470" end="00:09:34.630"><![CDATA[ which is released to the atmosphere]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:34.650" end="00:09:44.200"><![CDATA[It is important to remove these chemicals from urban waste water as these may]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:44.220" end="00:09:53.260"><![CDATA[cause damage to animal and plant life. For example, if waste water is released into the sea]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:53.280" end="00:10:01.400"><![CDATA[or lakes, the chemicals can trigger sex changes in fish, frogs, snails and other organisms.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:01.420" end="00:10:06.090"><![CDATA[It is therefore extremely important to minimize this possibility for waste water]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:06.110" end="00:10:17.140"><![CDATA[that is being re-used for irrigation, for example.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:17.160" end="00:10:24.030"><![CDATA[In our laboratory in order to evaluate the toxicity of waste water we create solutions of different]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:24.050" end="00:10:31.710"><![CDATA[concentrations from the urban waste water samples. In these solutions we add certain]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:31.730" end="00:10:37.890"><![CDATA[microorganisms and let them reproduce for a fixed amount of time. At the end of the]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:37.910" end="00:10:45.780"><![CDATA[experiment we measure the decrease in the rate of reproduction, death, the decrease in]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:45.800" end="00:10:51.180"><![CDATA[sexual behavior and fluorescence. Thus, we can deduce any possible toxicity to the]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:51.200" end="00:10:56.770"><![CDATA[environment through the usage of waste sewage water.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:56.790" end="00:11:06.180"><![CDATA[What differentiates your methods from others used in other labs worldwide?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:06.200" end="00:11:12.360"><![CDATA[This is the first time the effect of chemical oxidization on trace chemicals is being examined.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:12.380" end="00:11:19.480"><![CDATA[Our aim is to develop new technologies which will be used by the treatment plants]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:19.500" end="00:11:55.390"><![CDATA[in order to produce clear water, safe to be used for many purposes.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:55.410" end="00:12:01.190"><![CDATA[I think the dough with the yeast has rested enough!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:01.210" end="00:12:03.380"><![CDATA[While people here struggle to make the dough flat, if you haven’t had time to write down]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:03.400" end="00:12:05.480"><![CDATA[ the ingredients, fear not!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:05.500" end="00:12:06.880"><![CDATA[They are all written down…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:06.900" end="00:12:08.100"><![CDATA[..in black ink?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:08.120" end="00:12:09.720"><![CDATA[No…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:09.740" end="00:12:11.250"><![CDATA[Oh… I thought you said…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:11.270" end="00:12:12.460"><![CDATA[On the webpage of our programme!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:12.480" end="00:12:16.200"><![CDATA[Which is…?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:16.220" end="00:12:17.990"><![CDATA[www.xlab.tv]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:18.010" end="00:12:20.500"><![CDATA[Are we plugged in yet?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:20.520" end="00:12:38.470"><![CDATA[Always!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:38.490" end="00:12:40.900"><![CDATA[What’s this we are doing now? Making cookies perhaps?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:40.920" end="00:12:42.540"><![CDATA[Nope! We are going to exchange products!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:42.560" end="00:12:47.440"><![CDATA[Meaning?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:47.460" end="00:12:52.130"><![CDATA[Come on then, Stalo… Make yourself useful. Take these over there and bring back those.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:52.150" end="00:12:54.940"><![CDATA[We‘ve become too well-acquainted over here, I think…! Anyway…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:54.960" end="00:13:00.170"><![CDATA[Well… You tell us, then!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:00.190" end="00:13:04.760"><![CDATA[We replace the pieces of unleavened with the ones that contain yeast.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:04.780" end="00:13:09.140"><![CDATA[See? Carbon dioxide is not always a bad thing!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:09.160" end="00:13:13.710"><![CDATA[Before adding filling to our pizza, we place the dough in the oven for fifteen minutes.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:13.730" end="00:13:17.820"><![CDATA[Grrrreat! A savoury pizza for the main dish and a sweet one for afters…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:17.840" end="00:13:20.630"><![CDATA[While waiting for our pizzas to bake in the oven on medium heat, I might as well make a]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:20.650" end="00:13:35.470"><![CDATA[quick trip to our good old Albion...Follow me!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:35.490" end="00:13:42.980"><![CDATA[If you have to deal with molecular virology, particularly with the mighty hepatitis virus,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:43.000" end="00:13:50.300"><![CDATA[I guess you need something to keep your feet on the ground… What’s going on here?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:50.320" end="00:13:59.030"><![CDATA[Well, as you can see, I keep myself busy with gardening which calms me down.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:59.050" end="00:14:09.850"><![CDATA[One of the main reasons I bought this house was the garden. Keeping it takes up a lot of my time.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:09.870" end="00:14:21.640"><![CDATA[Mowing the lawn, pruning shrubs and trees, planting bulbs and flowers… A lot of these I do]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:21.660" end="00:14:24.400"><![CDATA[in the evening, as during the summer there’s still light until eleven o’clock! After dinner I still]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:24.420" end="00:14:31.220"><![CDATA[have enough time to deal with my garden.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:31.240" end="00:14:37.890"><![CDATA[I came to London in 1970 to study as there was no university in Cyprus at the time.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:37.910" end="00:14:45.670"><![CDATA[ I did my first degree at the University of Liverpool. By the time I finished,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:45.690" end="00:14:55.340"><![CDATA[the Turkish Invasion had already taken place in Cyprus, so I decided to stay here.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:55.360" end="00:15:06.410"><![CDATA[38 years later, I am still here. Having a family makes the decision to go back  more difficult.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:06.430" end="00:15:17.300"><![CDATA[I have been in the field of research for 28 years now, mainly dealing with hepatitis.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:17.320" end="00:15:20.350"><![CDATA[I work for the Imperial University and deal with mutations of the hepatitis virus]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:20.370" end="00:15:34.370"><![CDATA[and the treatment of chronic carriers]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:34.390" end="00:15:37.820"><![CDATA[This plaque here is dedicated to Alexander Fleming, the man who discovered penicillin]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:37.840" end="00:15:51.930"><![CDATA[here at St Mary’s Hospital.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:51.950" end="00:16:00.190"><![CDATA[We are now at the campus of St Mary’s Hospital, one of the five hospitals that make up]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:00.210" end="00:16:05.690"><![CDATA[the Faculty of Medicine of Imperial College. My lab is at the Hepatology Wing]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:05.710" end="00:16:27.910"><![CDATA[as we deal with viruses which can cause hepatitis]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:27.930" end="00:16:39.440"><![CDATA[Five viruses can attack the liver, namely A, B, C, D and E.  A and E viruses enter the body]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:39.460" end="00:16:48.640"><![CDATA[through the mouth and exit with the faeces. A person can contract them by eating or drinking]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:48.660" end="00:16:58.140"><![CDATA[contaminated food or drink. The other three can be contracted with intravenous drug use]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:58.160" end="00:17:06.970"><![CDATA[or after a contaminated blood transfusion. Hepatitis B virus is easily transmitted through]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:06.990" end="00:17:14.590"><![CDATA[sexual intercourse. Most dangerous are the B and C viruses which can result in]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:14.610" end="00:17:28.660"><![CDATA[chronic diseases. A chronic patient can easily transmit the virus.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:28.680" end="00:17:37.400"><![CDATA[Chronic patients eventually develop cirrhosis or liver cancer, 20 or 30 years after contraction.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:37.420" end="00:17:43.560"><![CDATA[Around the world there are now about 700 million carriers of these two forms of hepatitis.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:43.580" end="00:17:51.450"><![CDATA[Development of cirrhosis and liver cancer can be avoided by taking antiviral drugs.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:51.470" end="00:17:58.080"><![CDATA[The use of such drugs made us realize that we have to deal with a very clever virus.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:58.100" end="00:18:08.640"><![CDATA[It is able to transform itself and develop resistance to the drugs.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:08.660" end="00:18:17.080"><![CDATA[These transformations of the virus are the main subject of my research which begun]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:17.100" end="00:18:24.640"><![CDATA[about 15 years ago with the discovery of new mutated strains of the virus, mostly in]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:24.660" end="00:18:33.270"><![CDATA[Greek and Italian carriers which develop through the natural evolution of the disease.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:33.290" end="00:18:42.290"><![CDATA[When the Hepatitis B vaccine was discovered, in collaboration with Italian doctors,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:42.310" end="00:18:51.860"><![CDATA[we realised that some children, who had been vaccinated, still developed hepatitis.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:51.880" end="00:18:54.790"><![CDATA[Samples from hospital patients end up here at our labs where we extract]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:54.810" end="00:19:07.450"><![CDATA[ the genetic material of the virus]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:07.470" end="00:19:15.310"><![CDATA[We study the ability of the virus to reproduce as well as its sensitivity to various drugs.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:15.330" end="00:19:24.650"><![CDATA[In the past 4 or 5 years a number of drugs appeared in the market and we have had to]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:24.670" end="00:19:34.630"><![CDATA[widen our clinical work. We developed a new unit at our laboratory where we test]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:34.650" end="00:19:40.310"><![CDATA[these new drugs and we monitor the patients in order to be able to dispense a new drug]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:40.330" end="00:19:57.040"><![CDATA[as soon as we see a mutation.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:57.060" end="00:19:59.410"><![CDATA[Personalization of the treatment is therefore essential and this is what we do here]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:59.430" end="00:20:08.900"><![CDATA[ at St Mary’s Hospital.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:08.920" end="00:20:21.630"><![CDATA[We are also interested in the genetic make-up of the patient in order to see how some patients]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:21.650" end="00:20:24.610"><![CDATA[are predisposed towards developing chronic disease while others are able to eradicate]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:24.630" end="00:20:36.870"><![CDATA[ the virus completely]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:36.890" end="00:20:43.510"><![CDATA[We extract DNA from white blood-cells and look for mutated genes which can predispose]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:43.530" end="00:20:48.000"><![CDATA[a person to develop chronic symptoms. These genes might also be responsible]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:48.020" end="00:20:57.260"><![CDATA[for the response of a patient to treatment.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:57.280" end="00:21:03.270"><![CDATA[The evolution history of a virus over time is something like stamps…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:03.290" end="00:21:08.820"><![CDATA[Each one signals an important event. The trips of the letter they were attached on]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:08.840" end="00:21:14.390"><![CDATA[and the deterioration they have undergone over the years are like the carriers of]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:14.410" end="00:21:23.250"><![CDATA[a disease who move the viruses around and struggle with their mutations. A never-ending]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:23.270" end="00:21:38.940"><![CDATA[cycle until you happen to encounter a man who writes history, a man like Petros Karayiannis.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:38.960" end="00:21:44.880"><![CDATA[Great scientist he is, eh? Well… Me too!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:44.900" end="00:21:47.080"><![CDATA[Be careful… They are hot! We have taken them out of the oven after fifteen minute]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:47.100" end="00:21:51.350"><![CDATA[Let’s see now how we did with our experiment.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:51.370" end="00:21:56.210"><![CDATA[The bread didn’t rise at the point where we have put the unleavened dough.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:56.230" end="00:22:29.060"><![CDATA[We will now coat it with our favourite filling, chocolate and bananas!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:29.080" end="00:22:35.560"><![CDATA[The savoury one goes back in the oven…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:35.580" end="00:22:40.270"><![CDATA[Before the Greeks colonized Southern Italy, the Etruscans who lived in the North, used to eat a]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:40.290" end="00:22:43.310"><![CDATA[badly done kind of bread, which they baked under superheated stones.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:43.330" end="00:22:47.580"><![CDATA[After baking, they used to fill it with ingredients of sorts…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:47.600" end="00:22:51.800"><![CDATA[Then, they dipped it in sauces or other stocks and ate it as a dessert.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:51.820" end="00:22:57.440"><![CDATA[Greeks, around the 8th century B.C. were already known as the best bread bakers]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:57.460" end="00:23:02.180"><![CDATA[So, this is how the Maltese learned how to bake bread? Ulysses gave the recipe to Calypso?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:02.200" end="00:23:06.270"><![CDATA[Greeks learned how to make bread from the Egyptians. And of course, as they had to]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:06.290" end="00:23:09.750"><![CDATA[become better than their teachers, they thought it best to cultivate the Italians too…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:09.770" end="00:23:13.770"><![CDATA[They developed pizza as a main dish after adding a variety of things to it.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:13.790" end="00:23:16.500"><![CDATA[They scattered goodies on the flat dough and baked everything together.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:16.520" end="00:23:18.070"><![CDATA[This flat piece of dough even had a name!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:18.090" end="00:23:19.830"><![CDATA[They used to call it “plakountas”.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:19.850" end="00:23:21.330"><![CDATA[How do you all know these things, hey?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:21.350" end="00:23:25.770"><![CDATA[Plato says it all!!!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:25.790" end="00:23:32.060"><![CDATA[I mean… Wow! Before we overdo it by showing off our own intelligence, and while we]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:32.080" end="00:24:02.990"><![CDATA[enjoy our dessert developed by the Greeks, let’s move on to see what dodgy trick I played on Stelios…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:03.010" end="00:24:12.450"><![CDATA[Just like fingerprints which are unique to every person and can be used to identify every person,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:12.470" end="00:24:29.050"><![CDATA[we are able to use certain chemicals to identify different chemicals in a sample.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:29.070" end="00:24:35.960"><![CDATA[In this way we can identify what bacteria can be found in a particular sample. This method]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:35.980" end="00:24:41.960"><![CDATA[uses Raman Spectroscopy, a widely used method for identifying chemical compounds.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:41.980" end="00:24:55.990"><![CDATA[We use a slight modification of this method to identify bacteria that exist in urine samples,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:56.010" end="00:25:05.250"><![CDATA[called Induced Nanosurface Raman Spectroscopy.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:05.270" end="00:25:18.140"><![CDATA[This uses a specially designed rough metallic surface on which the sample of bacteria]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:18.160" end="00:25:26.860"><![CDATA[is spread, thus enhancing the signal it gives on the spectrometer. The sample is bombarded with]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:26.880" end="00:25:36.800"><![CDATA[a laser beam and as result it gives back a spectrum characteristic for the bacterium]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:36.820" end="00:25:43.670"><![CDATA[The spectrum is a series of peaks on a graph which are unique to the composition of]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:43.690" end="00:25:55.110"><![CDATA[the chemical mixture under study.  This method is more sensitive than others and can detect]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:55.130" end="00:26:06.910"><![CDATA[chemicals in a very small quantity of the sample.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:06.930" end="00:26:15.790"><![CDATA[ To detect infection in a urine sample with other methods, it is essential to feed the bacteria that]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:15.810" end="00:26:22.320"><![CDATA[exist in the sample for 24 hours – make a culture - in order to increase their numbers.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:22.340" end="00:26:48.020"><![CDATA[Our aim is to be able to detect any infection in samples in much shorter times.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:48.040" end="00:26:55.790"><![CDATA[If a doctor suspects an infection of the urine tract in a patient but is not sure with what bacterium]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:55.810" end="00:27:11.080"><![CDATA[he has to deal with, the usual thing to do is to treat the patient with a general antibiotic.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:11.100" end="00:27:19.760"><![CDATA[If after 24 hours, the patient’s condition is not improved,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:19.780" end="00:27:31.660"><![CDATA[ the treatment is discontinued and another antibiotic is tried.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:31.680" end="00:27:40.760"><![CDATA[By the time the doctor finds out which antibiotic is suitable, two days have passed]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:40.780" end="00:27:51.350"><![CDATA[If he decides that the antibiotic he has already given is not suitable, he has to change it.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:51.370" end="00:27:56.680"><![CDATA[This on and off use of antibiotics, results in the bacteria developing resistance to certain drugs,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:56.700" end="00:28:07.610"><![CDATA[a phenomenon that becomes all the more frequent nowadays.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:07.630" end="00:28:15.850"><![CDATA[The aim of our research is to deal with the problem of bacterial resistance to drugs and]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:15.870" end="00:28:27.940"><![CDATA[also to help doctors know the correct treatment for their patients quicker.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:27.960" end="00:28:39.870"><![CDATA[Is there evidence that your research is going well?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:39.890" end="00:28:44.880"><![CDATA[We are in a position now to publish results which show that it is possible to identify]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:44.900" end="00:28:51.370"><![CDATA[different bacteria in a sample with Raman spectroscopy.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:51.390" end="00:29:09.790"><![CDATA[How do you combine your professional career with family life?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:09.810" end="00:29:20.780"><![CDATA[It is quite a task as the research takes up a lot of my time, it is a full-time job…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:20.800" end="00:29:30.750"><![CDATA[I have two kids and I also teach at the University, so my time is limited in general, but]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:30.770" end="00:29:38.750"><![CDATA[it gives me great satisfaction to combine all these activities together. I hope that when]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:38.770" end="00:30:03.040"><![CDATA[my kids grow up, things will become easier as they won’t be so dependant on me.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:03.060" end="00:30:07.780"><![CDATA[So, we must be more careful with certain germs than with others… Things we put in our mouth]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:07.800" end="00:30:12.080"><![CDATA[can sometimes be bad for us and things we expel from our body can make us sick.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:12.100" end="00:30:16.690"><![CDATA[Our surroundings are nothing but a mirror reflecting our way of life.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:16.710" end="00:30:20.320"><![CDATA[Any mistakes we might make can always be changed and we can start all over again.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:20.340" end="00:30:24.130"><![CDATA[There still is time… As long as we are all…]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:24.150" end="00:30:26.140"><![CDATA[Always plugged in! (Cheers and applause)]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:26.160" end="00:31:09.980"><![CDATA[I’ll be seeing ya!!!]]></p>
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