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      <p begin="00:00:57.460" end="00:01:03.370"><![CDATA[Have you ever thought about the buildings around us?  Everything has a precise purpose]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:03.390" end="00:01:08.190"><![CDATA[The same thing with animals and plants.  They are made up of cells that have very specific functions.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:08.210" end="00:01:11.080"><![CDATA[Today Noah is going to the University of Malta to meet Dr Pierre Schembri Wismayer and]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:11.100" end="00:01:15.410"><![CDATA[his students who are doing research on cells.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:15.430" end="00:01:19.200"><![CDATA[And my tour abroad today will take me to Cambridge in England to meet William Mifsud]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:19.220" end="00:01:21.080"><![CDATA[..and Rosianne Farrugia.  We are also going to visit two companies in Malta]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:21.100" end="00:01:26.160"><![CDATA[..where pills are produced.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:26.180" end="00:01:29.900"><![CDATA[In today’s experiment, Corazon and the students will try to build a microscope using items]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:29.920" end="00:01:54.480"><![CDATA[we find in the home.  Go ahead Corazon.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:54.500" end="00:01:58.820"><![CDATA[In today’s programme we will be talking about extremely tiny things which]]></p>
      <p begin="00:01:58.840" end="00:02:03.480"><![CDATA[we can’t see with our naked eyes... we need a microscope to see them!]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:03.500" end="00:02:08.170"><![CDATA[To be honest I'm getting a bit worried because if we're going to use such small things,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:08.190" end="00:02:13.380"><![CDATA[how on earth are the children watching us at home going to do this experiment with us?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:13.400" end="00:02:18.420"><![CDATA[Not everybody has a microscope. But let me not worry too much, let's meet our guests.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:18.440" end="00:02:26.050"><![CDATA[I am William from Ninu Cremona School in GozoI am Lianne and I come from St Benedict College]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:26.070" end="00:02:30.360"><![CDATA[I am Julian from Ninu Cremona School in GozoI am Jessica from St Benedict College St Lucia]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:30.380" end="00:02:33.170"><![CDATA[I am Christopher and I come from Ninu Cremona School in Gozo]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:33.190" end="00:02:37.920"><![CDATA[I am Daniela from St Benedict College St Lucia]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:37.940" end="00:02:42.000"><![CDATA[Julian, can you set my mind at rest, because I'm still worried that if we're going to use these small]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:42.020" end="00:02:45.960"><![CDATA[..things, the children watching the show will not be able to carry out the experiment.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:45.980" end="00:02:48.710"><![CDATA[You needn’t worry. We will be making a microscope ourselves and hopefully]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:48.730" end="00:02:52.680"><![CDATA[.. our viewers will give it a shot as well.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:52.700" end="00:02:56.510"><![CDATA[So you're going to build a microscope? I've always wanted to have one.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:56.530" end="00:02:59.920"><![CDATA[That’s wicked!  Then you can take one home with you after the programme.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:02:59.940" end="00:03:03.440"><![CDATA[Christopher can you tell me what things we need for today's experiment?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:03.460" end="00:03:10.900"><![CDATA[To make a simple microscope we’ll need]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:10.920" end="00:03:17.250"><![CDATA[:•	Some thin cardboard•	Two toilet paper or kitchen towel rolls.  •	Transparent sticky tape]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:17.270" end="00:03:21.260"><![CDATA[•	A pencil•	Petroleum jelly•	Glue•	Kitchen foil•	Cooking oil]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:21.280" end="00:03:24.220"><![CDATA[•	A toothpick•	A sewing needle•	A flash light]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:24.240" end="00:03:28.920"><![CDATA[•	A pointed pair of scissors•	A ruler]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:28.940" end="00:03:33.600"><![CDATA[And finally ... we need an adult to lend us a hand.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:33.620" end="00:03:35.470"><![CDATA[If you didn’t have enough time to write down all the stuff we need to build the microscope,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:35.490" end="00:03:38.810"><![CDATA[ you can visit our website.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:38.830" end="00:03:43.240"><![CDATA[Thanks Christopher. So now everything's prepared for today's experiment.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:43.260" end="00:03:57.040"><![CDATA[We're going to continue with our experiment after this feature...]]></p>
      <p begin="00:03:57.060" end="00:04:01.530"><![CDATA[We will soon be meeting Yanika Battista.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:01.550" end="00:04:09.380"><![CDATA[But allow me a few minutes more because I’m really enjoying the sun.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:09.400" end="00:04:16.320"><![CDATA[Hi Yanika, what are you doing at the moment?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:16.340" end="00:04:20.200"><![CDATA[Right now I am pursuing my Ph.D. where I’m doing research about the treatment of cancer.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:20.220" end="00:04:25.350"><![CDATA[And what motivated you to do this research?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:25.370" end="00:04:29.800"><![CDATA[I initially started studying at the Institute of Health Care which is part of the University of Malta]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:29.820" end="00:04:33.790"><![CDATA[and later when I graduated as a medical laboratory scientist, there was a scholarship]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:33.810" end="00:04:35.910"><![CDATA[offered by the government, I applied and was lucky to get it.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:35.930" end="00:04:40.340"><![CDATA[And I guess you were very happy.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:40.360" end="00:04:44.590"><![CDATA[Very happy because to do this kind of research you need money, therefore, when these kind of]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:44.610" end="00:04:48.610"><![CDATA[scholarships are available, they motivate people like me and other students who would wish to]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:48.630" end="00:04:52.570"><![CDATA[continue studying regardless of their financial constraints ...]]></p>
      <p begin="00:04:52.590" end="00:05:00.390"><![CDATA[this is a good incentive for them to further on their studies.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:00.410" end="00:05:04.880"><![CDATA[Well Yanika, can you take us to your laboratory?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:04.900" end="00:05:16.240"><![CDATA[Yes, there we will meet  Dr Pierre Schembri Wismayer.  Shall we go?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:16.260" end="00:05:21.450"><![CDATA[Dr Schembri Wismayer can you tell us what you do in this laboratory?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:21.470" end="00:05:26.710"><![CDATA[Noah, here we work on cells, which are the smallest parts of our body and not visible to the ..]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:26.730" end="00:05:31.500"><![CDATA[..naked eye.  We need a microscope to see them.  We work on the good cells, which]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:31.520" end="00:05:33.890"><![CDATA[we refer to as stem cells, and on the cells which have become malignant,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:33.910" end="00:05:37.610"><![CDATA[which we refer to as cancer.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:37.630" end="00:05:41.920"><![CDATA[We try to understand how the stem cells change, and how cancer can be healed]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:41.940" end="00:05:47.360"><![CDATA[Apart from this, there are other students in this laboratory who are working on the DNA]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:47.380" end="00:05:53.230"><![CDATA[which controls these cells both when they are good cells and when they become malignant.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:53.250" end="00:05:54.270"><![CDATA[Hello Annalise.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:54.290" end="00:05:56.520"><![CDATA[Hi.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:05:56.540" end="00:06:01.900"><![CDATA[What are you doing there exactly?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:01.920" end="00:06:08.450"><![CDATA[Well, I get blood cells from the umbilical cord of a baby and study the cells to try to convert them]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:08.470" end="00:06:20.710"><![CDATA[to nerve cells, so that people who have problems in their spinal cord could eventually be healed.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:20.730" end="00:06:26.420"><![CDATA[Apart from the research that you’re doing here, what do you enjoy doing in your free time?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:26.440" end="00:06:31.620"><![CDATA[I have lots to do.  I am a volleyball player.  I coach and I am a player in the national team.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:31.640" end="00:06:43.010"><![CDATA[I teach and play the piano, and in the summer I might enrol in the army.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:43.030" end="00:06:46.120"><![CDATA[Well, this is a very interesting group.  Now, follow me let's go see what Yanika is doing.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:46.140" end="00:06:50.160"><![CDATA[What are you seeing through the microscope?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:50.180" end="00:06:53.010"><![CDATA[This is a microscope that enables us to see the cells that are here, which are very small and]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:53.030" end="00:06:57.760"><![CDATA[which we are unable to see with our naked eye.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:06:57.780" end="00:07:05.190"><![CDATA[The microscope enables us to see if they are growing well and if they are healthy.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:05.210" end="00:07:07.850"><![CDATA[Yanika, do you encourage our viewers to continue studying science?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:07.870" end="00:07:13.950"><![CDATA[Yes, in my opinion science is very interesting.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:13.970" end="00:07:24.940"><![CDATA[It involves a lot of work, but it gives a lot of satisfaction and I wouldn't be able to do without it.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:24.960" end="00:07:31.460"><![CDATA[And what do you enjoy doing in your free time?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:31.480" end="00:07:35.820"><![CDATA[Well, I love painting, reading a good book, going to the cinema, going sailing in the summer,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:07:35.840" end="00:08:02.750"><![CDATA[and sometimes I also go horse riding as that is also one of my hobbies.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:02.770" end="00:08:06.990"><![CDATA[Before the feature, we prepared all the items we need to build the simple microscope.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:07.010" end="00:08:11.050"><![CDATA[I’m very excited because I remembered that Julian told me that I could take one of]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:11.070" end="00:08:13.470"><![CDATA[the microscopes home with me. Lianne, how are we going to go about building it?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:13.490" end="00:08:23.030"><![CDATA[First we need the narrower toilet paper roll...]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:23.050" end="00:08:37.330"><![CDATA[using a piece of transparent sticky tape we'll close off one end of the roll.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:37.350" end="00:08:41.530"><![CDATA[If the transparent sticky tape is not wide enough to cover the opening]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:41.550" end="00:08:44.380"><![CDATA[do we need to place more strips of tape near each other to close it off?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:08:44.400" end="00:09:10.420"><![CDATA[Yes.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:10.440" end="00:09:14.500"><![CDATA[While Lianne continues with the adhesive tape, is there anything else which we could do William?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:14.520" end="00:09:26.660"><![CDATA[To stop the things we'll be studying from rolling all over the place, we need to  trace around]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:26.680" end="00:09:33.270"><![CDATA[the roll on a piece of cardboard.  We cut it out, like so. Then we fold it.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:33.290" end="00:09:40.410"><![CDATA[We fold it in half.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:40.430" end="00:09:57.990"><![CDATA[Now using the scissors, we'll cut a square.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:09:58.010" end="00:10:07.430"><![CDATA[OK, so that's the square.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:07.450" end="00:10:23.550"><![CDATA[Good ... we need to trim it ... and we'll use some glue on this side ... we'll stick it like this.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:23.570" end="00:10:27.290"><![CDATA[So we stick it onto where Lianne covered with adhesive tape. Right?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:27.310" end="00:10:30.250"><![CDATA[The opening which William made is the window through which we'll be seeing]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:30.270" end="00:10:34.050"><![CDATA[..the tiny things. Is that correct Daniela?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:34.070" end="00:10:36.780"><![CDATA[Exactly.  But we’ve only made half a microscope yet.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:36.800" end="00:10:42.190"><![CDATA[We still need to make the other half to be able to use it.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:42.210" end="00:10:58.420"><![CDATA[We’ll continue building this simple microscope in a few minutes’ time... after the feature ..]]></p>
      <p begin="00:10:58.440" end="00:11:03.740"><![CDATA[We are in Cambridge, precisely near River Cam.  Behind us is the Bridge of Clare College]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:03.760" end="00:11:08.690"><![CDATA[Here with me is William Mifsud who is studying for his Ph.D. in Cambridge.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:08.710" end="00:11:13.220"><![CDATA[William where were you brought up in Malta?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:13.240" end="00:11:18.340"><![CDATA[Well, I spent the first six years of my life in Hal-Qormi where we used to live.  Then, we moved]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:18.360" end="00:11:23.070"><![CDATA[to Haz-Zebbug, Hal-Mula, and I continued living there even when I was at University.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:23.090" end="00:11:28.120"><![CDATA[We know that you are already a doctor.  What motivated you to continue studying science?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:28.140" end="00:11:33.020"><![CDATA[Hmm . .  .a very good question.  Probably because I am a curious person, and secondly,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:33.040" end="00:11:37.370"><![CDATA[perhaps, thanks to my father’s patience.  As a young boy, I was always asking questions:]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:37.390" end="00:11:41.460"><![CDATA[Why is the sky blue?  Why does the sun rise from one side and set on the other?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:41.480" end="00:11:46.450"><![CDATA[I used to ask about everything.  And he was always very patient with me, answering]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:46.470" end="00:11:50.410"><![CDATA[everything, and this curiosity remained a part of me to this day which is why I wanted to]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:50.430" end="00:11:54.610"><![CDATA[continue studying things about which I am curious.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:54.630" end="00:11:56.960"><![CDATA[Do you enjoy studying here in Cambridge, and what are the advantages of living in this city]]></p>
      <p begin="00:11:56.980" end="00:12:02.230"><![CDATA[for your studies?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:02.250" end="00:12:07.570"><![CDATA[I enjoy studying here a lot.  I think that the biggest advantage is that the University is]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:07.590" end="00:12:12.560"><![CDATA[equipped with resources for our research and they are very good resources. One of my great]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:12.580" end="00:12:17.500"><![CDATA[pleasures, apart from my research, is meeting people who are studying different subjects,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:17.520" end="00:12:22.360"><![CDATA[and discussing my work and their work. Many times we discuss Malta and its history as well,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:22.380" end="00:12:25.700"><![CDATA[and therefore, science in the morning and other things in the afternoon.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:25.720" end="00:12:32.250"><![CDATA[Do you miss Malta?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:32.270" end="00:12:37.430"><![CDATA[I would be lying if I said no.  I think that first on the list of what I miss is my family]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:37.450" end="00:12:44.780"><![CDATA[as well the food that I like for example baked rice, cheesecakes . . .]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:44.800" end="00:12:49.730"><![CDATA[Do you have pastimes outside science?  Do you have time for other things?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:49.750" end="00:12:54.780"><![CDATA[Yes, I spend a lot of time in the laboratory, but I also play the violin and, soon after I started]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:54.800" end="00:12:59.190"><![CDATA[living here, I joined an orchestra and thanks to it I have had the opportunity to play very]]></p>
      <p begin="00:12:59.210" end="00:13:02.520"><![CDATA[interesting music, such as music that was written more than 200 years ago and]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:02.540" end="00:13:07.950"><![CDATA[music that has been written specifically for me.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:07.970" end="00:13:15.560"><![CDATA[William, what type of work do you do here.  Can you please explain?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:15.580" end="00:13:21.940"><![CDATA[We find that although there are many different cells in an animal or a human, and although]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:21.960" end="00:13:27.800"><![CDATA[all these cells have the same DNA, one cell is different from another because it uses a]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:27.820" end="00:13:31.990"><![CDATA[different part of DNA.  Now, how does this process work?  It is a complicated process but I]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:32.010" end="00:13:37.930"><![CDATA[think we can understand it by this simple example.  When I was learning how to drive]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:37.950" end="00:13:44.340"><![CDATA[a car, I had to learn the highway code and I had a lot of traffic signs to learn.  Now, we find that]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:44.360" end="00:13:50.330"><![CDATA[all the cells have a sort of highway code.  But, in a particular road, that is, in a particular cell,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:50.350" end="00:13:56.070"><![CDATA[we find only a few of these signs, about 3 or 4 only so that the traffic runs smoothly.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:13:56.090" end="00:14:00.980"><![CDATA[We find that in reproductive cells of animals or human adults, as well as in cells that are formed]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:01.000" end="00:14:06.740"><![CDATA[when a new animal or human is produced, there are some signs that are the same.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:06.760" end="00:14:12.800"><![CDATA[Now, apart from the cells of a new animal, or reproductive cells, in the laboratory we can also]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:12.820" end="00:14:18.580"><![CDATA[grow cells that carry out the same function.  These divide and form different types of cells.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:18.600" end="00:14:24.100"><![CDATA[These cells also use some of these signs.  Therefore, what I’m trying to do in these few]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:24.120" end="00:14:35.140"><![CDATA[years is to try to understand how a set of these signs is working.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:35.160" end="00:14:41.160"><![CDATA[hese special cells that we grow in the laboratory are the ones known as “embryonic stem cells”.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:41.180" end="00:14:47.260"><![CDATA[A new development from research carried out in a laboratory in Japan was that scientists]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:47.280" end="00:14:55.770"><![CDATA[took cells from the skin of a human adult, and managed, by inserting a short length of DNA,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:55.790" end="00:14:58.240"><![CDATA[to enable all the skin cells to form all the other cells of the body, similar to embryonic stem cells.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:14:58.260" end="00:15:08.480"><![CDATA[This is a very important development.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:08.500" end="00:15:13.780"><![CDATA[Where is this scientific research leading?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:13.800" end="00:15:19.610"><![CDATA[The main aim of this research is that perhaps one day, maybe even in the near future,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:19.630" end="00:15:25.140"><![CDATA[we could transform any type of cell into any other type of cell we want.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:25.160" end="00:15:31.530"><![CDATA[When we are able to reach this goal without problems, we may be able to heal diseases]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:31.550" end="00:15:37.190"><![CDATA[like heart illnesses, dementia, as well as a number of cancer diseases by taking these cells,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:37.210" end="00:15:41.260"><![CDATA[transforming them into new cells and placing them instead of the cells that aren't]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:41.280" end="00:15:53.210"><![CDATA[functioning well due to diseases or illnesses.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:53.230" end="00:15:55.860"><![CDATA[William you are a bit older than our audience however you still continued studying.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:15:55.880" end="00:16:02.120"><![CDATA[What do you wish to do after you finish your studies?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:02.140" end="00:16:06.510"><![CDATA[Well, to a certain extent I wish that I could continue studying all my life, because right now I]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:06.530" end="00:16:12.340"><![CDATA[have the privilege of being curious about something, going into the laboratory and]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:12.360" end="00:16:17.530"><![CDATA[..investigating it.  Right now, I am studying for my Ph.D. in Biology and this is a kind of]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:17.550" end="00:16:22.710"><![CDATA[training which will lead me to becoming an independent researcher.  My aim for the future is]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:22.730" end="00:16:28.780"><![CDATA[to one day have my own laboratory so that I have the freedom to investigate interesting]]></p>
      <p begin="00:16:28.800" end="00:17:01.660"><![CDATA[processes and satisfy my curiosity until the day I retire.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:01.680" end="00:17:06.570"><![CDATA[We are in the city of Cambridge at Darwin College to interview Rossiane Farrugia who is]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:06.590" end="00:17:12.170"><![CDATA[studying here at the doctorate level.  Rossiane, how is this college different?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:12.190" end="00:17:16.990"><![CDATA[Ehe, this is one of the colleges of Cambridge and the unique thing about it is that here there]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:17.010" end="00:17:21.520"><![CDATA[are people who already have a degree, therefore, whoever is here, already has a degree from]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:21.540" end="00:17:26.720"><![CDATA[university and is doing his second or third degree.  We call it graduate college and]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:26.740" end="00:17:29.720"><![CDATA[practically there are only 2 colleges like this, the others all have people who are studying for]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:29.740" end="00:17:33.540"><![CDATA[..their first degree as well.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:33.560" end="00:17:39.960"><![CDATA[Can you tell us something about your studies?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:39.980" end="00:17:46.400"><![CDATA[I am analysing how the levels of RNA, which are copies of DNA that exists in cells,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:46.420" end="00:17:53.300"><![CDATA[are changing in white blood cells. I analyse how this changes according to what]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:53.320" end="00:17:59.250"><![CDATA[the cell recognises around it for example infections, or wounds or such, and then we use a]]></p>
      <p begin="00:17:59.270" end="00:18:05.500"><![CDATA[technology called microarray technology which basically is a glass slide on which there are]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:05.520" end="00:18:10.860"><![CDATA[a lot of small copies of this RNA stuck together. What you do is you add the RNA that you took]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:10.880" end="00:18:18.020"><![CDATA[from the cell onto the slide and the parts that are exactly the same stick together,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:18.040" end="00:18:21.370"><![CDATA[ and you can compare and contrast these RNA strands before they encountered]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:21.390" end="00:18:23.720"><![CDATA[an infection and after they encountered it and see how they changed.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:23.740" end="00:18:28.170"><![CDATA[Do you have any plans for the future?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:28.190" end="00:18:34.130"><![CDATA[My priority is to finish writing the thesis and to graduate, and as soon as I’m ready]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:34.150" end="00:18:52.860"><![CDATA[I would like to go back to Malta and see if I can continue working there in the same area.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:52.880" end="00:18:57.820"><![CDATA[Before we started watching this feature we saw William cutting a disk which is the stage on]]></p>
      <p begin="00:18:57.840" end="00:19:01.920"><![CDATA[which to place the objects we want to look at... Jessica, what’s next?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:01.940" end="00:19:13.020"><![CDATA[We take the larger roll and trace a circle with a pencil.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:13.040" end="00:19:29.900"><![CDATA[ Now draw another circle inside this, about 2mm smaller.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:29.920" end="00:19:53.050"><![CDATA[Draw a square on the outside of the larger circle, with all the sides touching the circle.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:19:53.070" end="00:20:14.750"><![CDATA[Now cut  out the square, and the smaller circle to end up with a square with a large hole.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:14.770" end="00:20:17.340"><![CDATA[We're going to take the cardboard square which Jessica just made and we'll give it to William]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:17.360" end="00:20:24.780"><![CDATA[ so he can tell us what we need to do next.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:24.800" end="00:20:39.010"><![CDATA[We'll lay this onto some kitchen foil. We'll draw a square slightly larger than the cardoard]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:39.030" end="00:20:59.630"><![CDATA[and then we cut the foil with a pair of scissors.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:20:59.650" end="00:21:27.490"><![CDATA[We're cutting a square which is slightly larger than the cardboard square which Jessica made]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:27.510" end="00:21:31.750"><![CDATA[Today we've got both tables helping each other and passing parts to each other]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:31.770" end="00:21:37.120"><![CDATA[And I'll now give this to Daniela who's going to show us the next step]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:37.140" end="00:21:42.180"><![CDATA[Right now we are preparing to make the lens for our microscope.  Using a fine needle,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:42.200" end="00:21:50.160"><![CDATA[ prick a small hole in the foil ... as round as possible.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:50.180" end="00:21:55.580"><![CDATA[  We now  smear a small amount of petroleum jelly round the hole in the foil, using a toothpick.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:21:55.600" end="00:22:13.250"><![CDATA[   Do the same on the flipside.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:13.270" end="00:22:17.220"><![CDATA[This is an interesting process, and Daniela, it seem,s to be a delicate one too.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:17.240" end="00:22:20.830"><![CDATA[T It's important to stay tuned and follow the whole process to the end.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:20.850" end="00:22:41.450"><![CDATA[ After the feature we'll see our microscope working.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:41.470" end="00:22:46.450"><![CDATA[You might be wondering why I’m dressed like this.  Today, we came to visit two companies]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:46.470" end="00:22:51.430"><![CDATA[which together produce medicines.  As you may already have heard, medicine is made up not]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:51.450" end="00:22:56.310"><![CDATA[only from the chemicals that heal, but also from other material such as flour.  The first]]></p>
      <p begin="00:22:56.330" end="00:23:02.040"><![CDATA[company that we will be visiting is the one that produces the active ingredients that heal.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:02.060" end="00:23:06.840"><![CDATA[What is your work?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:06.860" end="00:23:10.620"><![CDATA[I work in this laboratory of this factory that produces the chemicals for medicine.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:10.640" end="00:23:13.900"><![CDATA[Celina, what does this company produce?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:13.920" end="00:23:18.110"><![CDATA[This company produces the ingredients that are used for headaches,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:18.130" end="00:23:27.400"><![CDATA[tummy aches and all that is necessary to control pain.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:27.420" end="00:23:32.200"><![CDATA[Celina you are a scientist.  What type of science is practiced in this company?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:32.220" end="00:23:39.740"><![CDATA[In this company research is done to discover new methods to produce medicine.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:39.760" end="00:23:46.470"><![CDATA[This is done firstly in the laboratory on a small scale, so a small amount of the product is]]></p>
      <p begin="00:23:46.490" end="00:24:36.680"><![CDATA[..produced, and then, when it is ensured that the product is good, it is done on a larger scale]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:36.700" end="00:24:43.420"><![CDATA[Now, we came at this factory where the materials produced by the other factory that we have]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:43.440" end="00:24:46.090"><![CDATA[just visited are used.  Here is Ilona Sultana.  Ilona, I thank you for accepting our invitation.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:46.110" end="00:24:52.990"><![CDATA[What happens in this factory?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:53.010" end="00:24:58.530"><![CDATA[In this factory, we manufacture pills.  The raw materials arrive here ready made.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:24:58.550" end="00:25:00.170"><![CDATA[Here we carry out the process which moulds the powder into the pills with which we are all..]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:00.190" end="00:25:08.710"><![CDATA[.. familiar.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:08.730" end="00:25:15.290"><![CDATA[What is your role here?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:15.310" end="00:25:20.120"><![CDATA[I am a production assistant.  My work varies from issuing documents, reading documents,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:20.140" end="00:25:29.250"><![CDATA[feeding information in our systems about what’s happening here, so that we keep records of]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:29.270" end="00:25:33.910"><![CDATA[what is being done, also because our company, the origin of our company is abroad, and]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:33.930" end="00:25:37.730"><![CDATA[hence, it is easier if the information can be accessed from people who work in]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:37.750" end="00:25:44.430"><![CDATA[the other company abroad as well.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:44.450" end="00:25:47.060"><![CDATA[What subjects did you study to take on this career?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:47.080" end="00:25:51.900"><![CDATA[I studied mechanical engineering.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:51.920" end="00:25:58.130"><![CDATA[Eh, that means that it is not very related to the pharmaceutical area.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:25:58.150" end="00:26:04.430"><![CDATA[The primary materials arrive in this room where they are mixed in this mixer.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:04.450" end="00:26:13.570"><![CDATA[After the mixing is done, a sort of liquid is added so that the mixture becomes more liquefied and]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:13.590" end="00:26:24.140"><![CDATA[from there it is passed on to another machine so that if there are still big lumps in this]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:24.160" end="00:26:32.670"><![CDATA[liquefied mixture these are broken down.  From there, it is passed into a big dryer,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:32.690" end="00:26:36.300"><![CDATA[into which air is pumped from underneath, where the temperature is a little high so that this]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:36.320" end="00:26:47.150"><![CDATA[liquefied mixture dries.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:47.170" end="00:26:51.390"><![CDATA[After this step we add another type of liquid, to make it easier to compress]]></p>
      <p begin="00:26:51.410" end="00:27:01.410"><![CDATA[the mixture into its pill shape.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:01.430" end="00:27:04.990"><![CDATA[Here the next step is done, where the mixture is compressed into the forms that make the]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:05.010" end="00:27:18.300"><![CDATA[ pill shape as we know it.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:18.320" end="00:27:28.040"><![CDATA[Em, here the last step is done, the last part of the process where the pills are placed in]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:28.060" end="00:27:34.810"><![CDATA[this machine and are coated with colour.  Basically what we have here is colour powder]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:34.830" end="00:27:40.220"><![CDATA[mixed with water, that means that as there is no active substance added to the pill.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:40.240" end="00:27:46.810"><![CDATA[Em, this is the last stage where the pills are coated in colour.  After this process,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:46.830" end="00:27:53.290"><![CDATA[samples are taken  to ensure that the pills are manufactured to the expected quality.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:53.310" end="00:27:59.360"><![CDATA[After that samples are taken to ensure that every thing is as it is supposed to be,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:27:59.380" end="00:28:08.160"><![CDATA[we store them and from there, they are exported.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:08.180" end="00:28:12.280"><![CDATA[And here we terminate our visit to these pharmaceutical factories.  As you can see,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:12.300" end="00:28:16.380"><![CDATA[this industry is a big and a lot of people are needed to work in this field.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:16.400" end="00:28:35.110"><![CDATA[Who knows, perhaps, in the future, I will be interviewing you.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:35.130" end="00:28:37.190"><![CDATA[I'm so excited! ... I’m really keen to see my microscope ready and working.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:37.210" end="00:28:39.500"><![CDATA[Jessica ... what's the next step?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:39.520" end="00:28:41.420"><![CDATA[Can you kindly pass me that roll?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:41.440" end="00:28:49.530"><![CDATA[Sure. This one?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:49.550" end="00:28:52.870"><![CDATA[Now, we're going to fix this cardboard square covered with kitchen foil, onto the circle.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:52.890" end="00:28:54.470"><![CDATA[With what shall we stick it?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:54.490" end="00:28:57.990"><![CDATA[Sticky tape.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:58.010" end="00:28:59.820"><![CDATA[I'll get you the adhesive tape and a pair of scissors because today we are sharing things]]></p>
      <p begin="00:28:59.840" end="00:29:06.250"><![CDATA[ between the groups.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:06.270" end="00:29:09.500"><![CDATA[I'll give you a hand with it as well. You can give me some tape ... How do we fix this?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:09.520" end="00:29:16.690"><![CDATA[We have to fix it not at this end, else it will not work,]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:16.710" end="00:29:25.000"><![CDATA[but on the other end so that the hole will be on this side.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:25.020" end="00:29:27.480"><![CDATA[So now the microscope is ready?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:27.500" end="00:29:34.890"><![CDATA[Not yet because it does not have a lens yet.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:34.910" end="00:29:41.350"><![CDATA[Now using an eye dropper we place a drop of oil on the pinhole so that you'll be able to to see.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:41.370" end="00:29:45.250"><![CDATA[Is the lens ready now?]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:45.270" end="00:29:48.130"><![CDATA[Yes the lens is ready.  The next step is to actually assemble the pieces]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:48.150" end="00:29:56.780"><![CDATA[and fit them together, the roll, the flashlight ...]]></p>
      <p begin="00:29:56.800" end="00:30:01.610"><![CDATA[Which bring us to the final step. Now we'll get all the parts. We'll take this roll and]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:01.630" end="00:30:09.790"><![CDATA[we'll place it over the flashlight. We'll take some onion skin, and place it here.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:09.810" end="00:30:13.750"><![CDATA[Finally we take the other roll and we fit it inside the first one.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:13.770" end="00:30:16.490"><![CDATA[We'll now raise and lower this roll to focus and get a clear picture.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:16.510" end="00:30:17.840"><![CDATA[So now we can actually see the onion skin through the microscope.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:17.860" end="00:30:21.280"><![CDATA[Yes. That's right.]]></p>
      <p begin="00:30:21.300" end="00:30:21.980"><![CDATA[Let's see if we have any questions from the audience?]]></p>
 </div>
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